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The first archaeological evidence proving the existence of human life on this land dates back to the Paleolithic and continue until the Iron Age. The existence of settlements and the Dacian Dacian population is attested by finds from areas Bartholomew, scaffolding, on the hill Sprenghi and Tampa. The ancient monuments, the most spectacular is certainly Dacian sanctuary from Racos, unfortunately hardly accessible for curious tourists to visit. So did the Roman camp in Rasnov, testament to the northeastern border of the Roman empire which passed in the II century after Christ, near Brasov city. Stone inscription mentions the name of the ancient Dacian village, Cumidava, and the fact that Romanians have not given any other name is suggestive of how reconstruction of the Romans and Dacians were leaven the Roman people, was Christian's first inhabitants of these places.

Brasov is documentary certified in 1234 as the Corona, in 1252 under the Barasu in 1288 as the Brasov and 1294 under the Brasov.
The country's central location between the three Romanian principalities, and privileges granted by successive rulers, have helped the city is the center of human ties, cultural and economic among the three provinces, a refuge for many families of rulers, scholars and revolutionaries.
Brasov and its surroundings, vast country of Barsa as lowland is called, had e-vul average three strategic points giving them an important economic, political and military outstanding.

Fagaras Fortress is the first where, legend says, he left to found Wallachia Negru Voda, country south of the Romanian Southern Carpathians. Fortress and known as the land of Fagaras were a long time, a space of continuity of the Romanian administration after the old custom of earth and a foothold on the Transylvania Wallachian princes. The second point is Bran Castle, strja the passage through the movement of goods on which a circuit-Western and had terminals in Flanders and Germany, and South and East, Turkey and the Middle East. Finally, the third point is Brasov, the most important city of Transylvania in the Middle Ages, dominating the economic life of centuries XIV - XVI. It was a real hub of the Romanians (Transylvania, Wallachia, Moldova), enjoying significant commercial privileges. Privileged geographical position was still ahead of Sibiu, Bistrita, Cluj, Sighisoara and other cities in Transylvania weather. Powerful guilds, among which were led goldsmiths, tesatorii, dealers, have made Brasov will not remain just a point of transit trade, but also a flourishing handicraft center.

Residents, hardworking and sensible, they endowed with equipment typical European medieval cities: the city walls and watchtowers, guard towers and exterior surveillance, warehouses and markets, workshops and shops, inns, churches and hospitals.
Timelines archeological hearth of scheienilor, Solomon's Stones. Annual Pilgrimage Junior and many legends testify to findings of the settlement and tribal customs of the inhabitants.
Devastating fire of 1689, when most of the buildings with wooden floor were destroyed, left standing only a few of the earlier construction of the eighteenth century. Others have been demolished by political and strategic considerations (Fortress from Tampa) or for reasons of urban development (the walls of the north of the city). However, Brasov keeps an ancient architectural heritage to the last.

City commercial
The residents have faced these settlements, in time, times of prosperity or tribulation, stability or drastic changes. Located in the central European continent, at equal distance sensitivity of Vienna, Prague and Bucharest, Oradea is obligatory passage point on the road that connects Central and Northern South-eastern part of our continent. For that was often ideal place for entrepreneurs who have fueled prosperity and coveted place, which fell prey nãvãlitorilor. In century XVI, Oradea saw a thriving economic and commercial, as proof the many guilds and fairs mentioned in the weather. In the second half of the nineteenth century already outlined associations such as company doctors, pharmacists and naturalists, teachers, lawyers Bar Association Lawyers Association costumes Corps craftsmen, small traders Association, Association of journalists, firefighters Association volunteers and others. Early economic activities have become traditions passed from father to son and were outlined in several specific areas: furniture, textiles and footwear, garments. Today, the city has an economy whose structure covers most areas and achieved 63% of the industrial district: construction machinery, chemicals, textiles and garments, knitwear, footwear, leather and furs, wood, construction materials, metallic, spare parts, plastics, food, energy. Oradea has a network of institutions and services of general public transport, design, construction, installation, tourism, hotel business. All economic activities are supported by the indispensable assistance of several banks, with branches in city and county. Last two banks have opened branches in our city are important international institutions: ABN-AMRO Bank and ING Bank. After nearly fifty years of communism, Romania, Oradea and therefore, are in transition to market economy, the efforts of local authorities and businesses focusing on the direction of economic recovery, technology, improving infrastructure and services to the population. Business man in search of partners willing to invest or to find new markets for its products, located in Oradea a propitious start. Private companies in our city covers a wide spectrum industry, transport, construction industry, agriculture and services in these areas are available for highly qualified personnel. Business opportunities are many, the developer found here not only favorable soil seed sãdirii initiative and people trained, ambitious, eager to work and assert themselves.
City History
Fortress
The first mention of the documentary toponymical Oradea (Varadinum) appears in 1113 in a Diploma of Benedictine Zobor, the bishop's name is mentioned Syxtus Vvaradiensis and comity Saul of Bychar.
Fortress Oradiei, whose vestiges can be seen today, is first mentioned in 1241, when carrying out urgent repairs to the face of an imminent attack tartar-Mogul. Construction is assigned King Ladislas I (1077-1095) who decided to raise a monastery in honor of the Virgin Mary, a place called Varadi - Chronicle painted in Vienna (Chronicon pictum Vindobonensae) cradle Catholic bishops future. Around the old fortress, the irregular shape, slightly oval, was the new fortress, Pentagon buildings in order to protect the interior and the surrounding settlements. Only in the second half of the XVI century, in full ascent of the Ottoman Empire, starting work, work that will last until 1618. Citadel, the exterior form today, was besieged several times but was conquered only twice. In the fall of 1598, the castle was besieged for five weeks the Turkish army, without being conquered. The people from Oradea had their Mr Wallachia, Michael the Brave, and the rains that have flooded the Ottoman camp and diseases that decimate it.
As a whole history proves, the city of Oradea is the result of a foundation, but of a long evolution, the sequence of events that I have favored the development or, conversely, they slowed it. As a city, Oradea was formed over time through different stages of phase settlements grouped around the castle, each one having its own administration, unified the city, reaching then again, the separation for the final meeting to be made until the middle age of the nineteenth century.
City beginning of XX century
Central area of the city has a great load in terms of the historical, cultural and urban-architectural, encompassing the nuclei of settlements, archaeological vestiges and monuments of architecture and urban from the century XVI.
Constructor Viennese engineer Franz Anton Hillebrandt has designed the most important monuments in Baroque style. Starting in 1752 were built Roman Catholic Cathedral, and Sirul canonical Episcopal Palace, today, The "Cris Country.
Frequent floods caused significant damage to the city until the mid-nineteenth century when local authorities have strengthened dam Quick Cris; flood of 1851 destroyed 555 houses, flat water and today is marked on the side St. Ana church, on street Republic. On the other hand, in 1836, a consuming fire destroyed almost all the central area of the new city.
Style buildings of that time was the classical style, an example being Capucinilor Terms of street Gen. Mosoiu and church on the same street, style, characterized by facades with few decorations. In Oradea Mare, districts formed by the union in 1870, classical style was abandoned in favor of slow romantic style, the architecture of this period showing a trend of styles glorification of the Middle Ages, with emphasis on Romanesque and Gothic elements. Thus, Orthodox Greek Catholic Seminary (Park Wall, now Orthodox Church St. Great Martyr George was rebuilt in 1858 in neo-Romanesque style, with the remaining vaults Baroque Bohemia, Ursuline Monastery (today Liceul Ady Endre), built in Baroque was transformed into a neo-Gothic style, and turned the town hospital with extensive neo-Gothic elements and neo roman, facade Railway Station, built in 1860 in neo-Romanesque style, has been simplified during reconstruction.
In the second half of the nineteenth century, Romanesque style was replaced with eclectic style, manifested either by use of a particular historical style or using the elements belonging to different styles: Neolog Israelite Synagogue (1878), Academy of law ( Liceul Mihai Eminescu Today, 1874), Superior School of Real State (High School Emanuil Gojdu, 1895), Chamber of Commerce (now the Faculty of Medicine, 1894), the Palace of Finance (str. Republicii nr. 35, 1890), the Palace of Post ( 1894), Museum (1896), Episcopal Palace Uniat (1903), Court (1901, now the Prefecture). In 1890, Kalman Rimanóczy senior wing built from the existing hotel Cris "Crisul Quickly" with the Public Bãile floor. In 1900 the hotel has extended into the street, are operating on the ground floor café famous "Royal" (now Oradea Restaurant), whose interior decorations have been preserved until today. One of the best copies of eclecticism is the theater in Oradea (1899-1900), the main neoclassical facade with a portico, columns with composite forms that support a triangular pediment decorated with bas-relief, having regard to two archeological statues. During this period emphasis was placed not only on construction but also on improving and upgrading services to the population. From 1852 the street lighting is introduced, the first 25 lamps being mounted in Piata Mica (Unirii Square) in 1870 expanded street lighting with gas lamps, following the upgrading of 1907. In 1903 power plants are built, in 1906 it mounted the first tramway network and the first sewage. In the second part of the XIX century begin pietruirea streets and in 1913 the first streets asfalteazã. Are arranged squares, parks, passages, roads, bridges and installed monumental art objects.
At the beginning of century XX century, in Oradea is spreading a new style, different from the academic prerequisites for creating a diversification based on stylistic invention and originality. Created new style, the secession, had two great periods, the curved form and the floral and geometric shapes to defecate. Architects most important is what this current are: Marcella Komor, Dezsö Jakab, Ferenc Sztarill, Mende Valer, Vago and József László Kálmán Rimanóczy junior. The most important achievement in this style is the Black Eagle Palace (1907-1909), the passage covered with glass that makes the link between the three streets. The building is multifunctional, including, at that time, casino, hotel, offices, restaurants, grouped into three asymmetrical bodies. Emblema all, stained glass with the black eagle, was executed in 1909, the workshop orãdean K. Neumann
All style secession were built: the Chamber of Commerce and Industry, House Fuchs with floral motifs and a bunch of grapes, House Adorján (1904-1906), the Palace Stern (1908-1909), with a circular tower, richly decorated with under eaves reasons folkloric Astoria Hotel (Emke, 1902), the famous coffee house Poynar (library "Eminescu", 1910-1911), House Deutsch (V. Alecsandri no. 4) with whole facades decorated with the popular flower. Ullmann Palace built in the Viennese secession style (1913), has a high floor washed with blue-green faience, on the , decorated with medallions in relief of stucco and brick cufflinks. This building is characteristic base-relief representing nubian lion and the candle support with seven branches made of ceramic with bronze metal SMALT green. Works inspired by the secession of the Austrian and German are: Casa Vago (str Gen. Mosoiu no. 14, 1905), Darvas Casa-La Roche (headquarters club FC Bihor, 1911-1912) with front-plated square plates of stone by limestone, caught at the corners with ceramic cufflinks, Moskovits Palace (V. Alecsandri, Independentei str corner).
Kalman Rimanóczy junior architect, representative of the eclecticism orãdean, has made some buildings in secession style: Bar Association of attorneys (1909), much more simple in decoration, as interesting and volumetric texture facade, Palace Darvasy (str. Republicii nr. 75), then building on Republicii street nr. 15, elements of the secession of Munich, the bay colt was finished with a dome above apses decorated all over with floral elements.
In 1912 to designs by the gendarmes School (University of Oradea), with an interesting volume and more on treatment and simplified facades. Between 1912 and 1914 is built Palace Apollo (str. Republicii nr. 12), Berlin secession style, with decorations that mountain style empire. Secession is manifested in a relatively short period, about 15 years, after which it will return to the eclectic style.
City early-millennium III
The city today bears, in addition, the footprint of 50 years of communism. Construction of modern public utility or blocks of flats have been integrated into the landscape of the old city, and neighborhoods full of blocks of flats were built on the periphery. The city has today, in addition to central area, five districts: Rogerius, Nufarul, Iosia, Iosia North, Velenta. Today, it is seen in our tendency of families to withdraw in the side, quiet, away from city noise, such as Podgorica, once, the Bishopric of Bihor.
Local government priorities are channeled in the direction of improving quality of life city residents, facilities, services, increase job security, facilities for leisure, for municipal structures in regional, national and European.
Town socio - cultural
Oradea enjoyed a social life and spiritual diversified and complex since the nineteenth century. There were associations, cultural societies and publications since year 1850, with some resonances in the city today. Besides cultural associations were established various associations, societies public charity, hoops, clubs and recreational associations, foundations. Magazine "Family", the most important magazine of Romanian culture in Oradea and one of the most important Romanian publicisticii scene in the late-nineteenth century, is the oldest magazine of culture that is still in the country. Originally edited in Pest, was moved by Iosif Vulcan, editor and chief sustinãtorul them in Oradea. Honors Joseph's Vulcan was to publish the poem "If I had" by Mihai Eminescu, in no. 6, 1866, of the "Family", thus launching the greatest poet of Romania. This magazine appears in the new series, starting in 1965.
Cultural institutions have begun to appear in the same period:
County Library "George Sincai, was set up in 1903, work currently in the former Episcopal Palace Uniat and has a total of 611,836 volumes. Libraries have existed in the first part of secular or ecclesiastical institutions, and the idea of public libraries appeared in 1871, when the minister gave a religious mood of the setting up school libraries.
State Theater, built in 1899-1900, working with two sections today, Romanian and Hungarian. Theatrical activity began after the revolution of 1848, the band orãdeanã Hungarian language, but without having a stable.
Theater for Children and Youth "Arcadia" works with the two sections, Romanian and Hungarian in 1949. Cinema is mentioned in the press in 1906, when they did the first film projections. Today, the most famous movie, "Freedom", it works with two rooms in the famous Black Eagle passage. Philharmonic, instrumentalist and choir, is listed with a Adezives intense activity locally and internationally.
Museums
Museum "of Cris' work in Baroque Palace and has four sections: history, art, ethnography and natural sciences. Activity museum has its origins in the Society of archeology and history of Bihor County, founded in 1871. The museum was very quickly integrated into the European values, to participate with exhibits great exhibitions of early-century Paris, Kosice, London, Vienna, Budapest. Other museums are the Museum memorial "Ady Endre", 1955, and a memorial museum "Iosif Vulcan", 1964, National Military Museum, Oradea branch.
Houses of culture
• House of culture of Trade Unions
• House of culture a City
• House of culture Youth
Clubs:
• Tempo
• The manufacturer
Artistic movements with a remarkable activity are:
• the "Camerata Felix"
• Coral "Francis Hubic" a Greek-Catholic Church
• the "Angel" of the Faculty of Orthodox Theology
• the "Iosif Vulcan" High School of Pedagogy
Preserve folk traditions is through working groups in some of the institutions mentioned:
• Folk Ensemble "Crisana, orchestra and dance (State Philharmonic)
• Ensemble "Bihar" (House of Culture Hall)
• Ensemble "Nuntasii Bihor" (House of Culture of Trade Unions)
• Folk Ensemble "Vergelul" (The manufacturer Club)
• Folk Ensemble of children and youth "Bihorului Flowers" (Palace of children)
• Orchestra popular "folk" (University)
• vocal folk group of the School of Arts Oradea
The network includes academic units of school education as follows:
• preschool (48)
• Primary and Secondary (19)
• Professional (8)
• School (22)
• Post (5)
Orãdeni students have good results, historically standing out at national olympiads phases especially in the disciplines: physical, information, Romanian and Hungarian. Extracurricular activities, children can attend child Palace.
Health
Structure of health Oradea:
• Hospitals (6)
• medical dispensary (28)
• Policlinics (7)
• Center for harvesting and conservation of blood (1)
• Pharmacies (68)
• Ambulance Service and Emergency Medical Service
Religious communities:
• Russian Orthodox Church
• Greek-Catholic Church
• Roman Catholic Church
• Church
• Christian Baptist Church
• Pentecostal Religion
• Community Hebrew

City tour
Oradea is a city with privileged geographical position, past historic buildings of architectural beauty, gentle climate and geothermal waters with miraculous effects have led to the development in the area of resort spas encouraging tourist potential of the city.
A walk through the center of town allows visitors to make contact with the main objectives of tourist interest. Restaurants, nightclubs, bars flirtatious, with a specific, discos and casinos, offering moments of relaxation and fun for families or groups of friends. Romanian kitchen is a pleasant surprise for anyone, it satisfy all tastes.
Tourist has moments of rock only choose to spend their time downtown or to make a road fifteen minutes by car, in the neighboring area, the Felix Baths and the 1 Mai Baths, Temptations with diverse entertainment and relaxation, exercise, and treatment, a drink with friends, dancing or gambling.
The Felix Baths and the Baile Baths 1 There are two possibilities that combines fun with the treatment, being renowned for geo-thermal waters that have beneficial effects in various diseases. It is said that the water springs were discovered accidentally by some Romanian soldiers in the years 1000, long before these lands, to be mentioned in the documents. Anyway, just at the beginning of the century XVIII century, they began to be exploited, visitors spread their fame throughout Europe. Now there are many hotels, swimming pools, base treatment, some Romanian and foreign tourists come every year. Natural lakes in the area housing a rare species of water lilies, lotus Nimphae thermal. Another alternative is a trip for two hours in the mountains, the Cave Bear. Even if you are not proficient in speleology chance to see with their eyes and karst phenomena relicvele a species of bears, Ursus spelaeus that disappeared more than 150,000 years ago, their bones and shell RÃ being spread everywhere, is an unforgettable experience. Since it was electrified and partially open to the public, the cave was visited by more than twenty million tourists ni Romanian and foreign. Once seen, the thought of returning is always present in my mind! For those who feel the thirst of nature, beauty and freedom, refuge from the daily routine, Apuseni Mountains can provide the solution. For example, Stana de Vale, winter resort, with ski runs of, and summer resort, with routes one day or several days, into the most picturesque areas and most spectacular tourist attractions. In any season, the show offered by limestone mountains, trees and rivers of the mountains, delight the eye and soul. Clubs based in Oradea restore tourist routes become inaccessible. They are affiliated Center Regional Ecological Monitoring, inter departmental organization that advocate for the inclusion in the Apuseni Mountains national parks.

HISTORICAL DATA

Strategic importance and economic and social characteristics of distinct geographic Defile Danube to the Iron Gates are the main reasons that have generated attention in ancient times scientists on this region. In some works of writers of antiquity and the early Middle Ages (Ptolemy, Ulpianus, Procopius of Cezareea) the first of a geographical information on the narrow Danube Carpathian. There are a number of reports in the geographic and cartographic work of the historical and geographical Arabs and Italians. (Abdul Feda 1273-1331). Cartographic documents are proliferating from sec. the eighteenth century, appearing between the Romanian map Stolnicul Country Cantacuzino, printed in Padua in 1700, the map for his Schwant Oltenia in 1723, the map of Velestin Aromanians Rhigas occurred in Vienna in 1797.

The nineteenth century continues to enrich the documents map out the area where the Danube Defile. Top makes geomorphologic A. Penck, which in 1891 issued the hypothesis that cross the Danube valley in the Carpathian is an ancient drainage channel that has survived and mountain lifting chain of sinking depression basins separated by their heights. In 1896 Fr. Toula explain formation by digging a narrow valleys upstream to downstream from the lake Panonia Ascension. During the same period, G. Ionescu and M. Drăghiceanu explained by the formation of a narrow fissure. In 1902 French geographer Em. Martonne formulate the hypothesis Panonia capture of the Danube river with a level much lower base, which flows to Lake Plain Romanians continued regression in the east. This hypothesis was supported by Vâlsan G. (1916). Serbian geographer Cvijic J. (1908) formulates a history that supports the hypothesis that the river valley formed by mountains on the route of an old marine Miocene strait, whose existence is verified by the remains of sedimentary depressions combined.

Between the two world wars specialized work is diversified:


GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION

Area of the Orşova belonged to Banat region, but by administrative-territorial organization of the 1968 across the region was annexed Mehedinti county, Oltenia region belongs. Regarding regionimul Banat, have established local research throughout the period between Tisa, Mures, Danube. Documentary attestation dates from 1230. After occupation by the Austrians, since 1718 the region is called "Banat Temescher" and then simply Banat. In literature, regionimul historical Banat province designate of Mureş lane Bistra-Timiş-Cerna and the Danube as part of the Romanian state.

Geographical names data to different forms of relief whether toponymies major general circulation (Mehedinţi M., M. Almaj) or are toponymies minor local circulation. They describe the position, appearance or other local feature. Regarding oronyms with origins in anthroponomical are few in the area Orşovei: Aliona hill, which could result in fusion, Hill Santa popular name derived from the creative merits of the old city. Some may take oronym names of persons from foreign nations, how would explain the oronym Hill Meja from Serbian.

Local list of monikers, from the Thracian-Geto-Dacian language are the names of the peaks as Cioaca Small and Large Cioaca, the word makes sense Cioaca hill, mound or brow.

Place called the Wolf pit has a name that comes from words that relate to animals, named for the characteristic Daco-Roman. Same could interpret and oronimul Hill Barzu based on a baboo Thracian-Geto-Dacian (Barza), may suggest higher altitude over the surrounding hills. Hill Culmea Poienile refers to associations of plants that form large areas of grassland scattered at an altitude of 300 meters.

Name Danube River is assumed to be inherited from Dacian population-Moesia (E. Petrovici 1970). The name derives from the trac donation or Donaris. The term Iron Gates or cataracts, Boilers, Graben is identified with the concept of the rock barrier across the Danube is forced to pass. Apelativul gherdap has meaning in terms of geographical Romanian cataract, high in the gulf water. The term is gherdap Turkish origin "guirdap" and means waterfall, whirlpool and meets in a form derived from in Serbian? Erdap mentioned on maps.

Name of Clisura toponymy now been used in the past, the assumption is to be of Greek origin, as "sticky-clides" means key dingle. Today the term encompasses all the Clisura from Moldova Noua and to Orşova. Slătinicului Valley, Graţca owe their name to the slave populations of most recent.

Historical and cartographic sources mention the existence in this area oiconimului Dierna, Tierna or Tsierna, whether home, whose home is now under the lake waters. She said this in Tabula Peutingeriana as Statio Tsierniensis, ie Dierna Station.

Orşova historical town Vrscia, Vrsovice is said to Hungarorum Gesta, who collected the names of the tradition preserved by the Romanians in the Principality's national Glad. In the year 1744, Marsigli, Hague publishing a description of the area in the Danube Iron Gates notes on the map appointments: Cerna A Orşova Antig.-Rom. Strengthen. after 1688, being an important cartographic document.


RELIEF

The Basin Orşova depression is a component of depression Ogradena-Bahna, this unit depressions being expressed by both geographical landscape and the geological structure and presence of an area to level the unit to a higher level of 300-350 meters, which were carved the present erosion basin.

The level of depression within 400-450 meters Orşova in the NE and NW by entering the small basin depression of low heights of mountains and mountains Mehedinţi Almaj.

Level of 300-350 meters on the edge of depression, contact with the region bordering the mountains are composed of peaks inter stream of the small basins composition of basin-Ogradena Bahna. The terrace of the 8th Danube are expanding in Barzu Hill, Hill Meja, Aliona Hill, Hill shingle.

Level of 250-270 m corresponds to a terrace of the Danube with relative altitude 200-220 meters. Terrace 7 to appear as shoulders in the pit of the Wolf, Slătinicului Valley, Valley of Ivan.

The 200-meter terrace corresponds to a 6-aa Danube meeting on tributary valleys Slătinicului, Valea lui Ivan, Culmea Poienile.

Level of 150 meters - terrace of 5-aa Danube is well represented in the Vineyard Hill, Hill Dracului, Hill Cioaca Mica.

Level of 110-130 feet - terrace of 4-aa Danube has been heavily modified by the offset and leveling land for new town location Vetra Orşova.

Areas of land under 70 feet altitude, including terraces 3-2-1 and Cerna valley were covered by lake waters, made the Bay Cerna.


CLIMATE

Peculiarities of the climate Orşova depression are the result of interaction processes between radiation, general circulation of the atmosphere, the various relief.

The average annual temperature in Orşova is 10.8 degrees Celsius.

The average temperature of January is - 0.7 degrees Celsius, in July recorded an average temperature of 22.1 degrees Celsius.

Average rainfall is 734 mm (between 1901-1990). In 1991 there have been

873.3 mm. After 1970, with construction of dam and lake formation, a phenomenon is particularly frequent droughts.

Average thickness of snow is 10 cm, specific months being January-February.

Prevailing wind direction is N and NW. Average speed is 4.5 m \ s.

WATERS

To the Orşova the hydrographic network is represented by the 2 roads: the Danube and Cerna and some brooks standing or half-permanent: brook dome, Ijnic, Slătinicul, Ivan's brook, Graţca, mozna, Dalboca.


Vegetation, fauna, soil

a). European species - beech, oak, hornbeam, hazelnut. Coppice consists of wild apple, hawthorn, corn, drink, teiul.

b). Species eurasiatice-white poplar, black poplar, willowy. Family gramineae meet species of the genera Bromus, Poa, Festuca.

c). The Mediterranean includes species mezoxerofile and xerofile:

mojdreanul, cărpiniţa, cruşinul sky, Garni, oak, chestnut, ash tree, fig, magnolia.

d). The pontic is poorly represented in the area by tătărăsc maple, blackthorn.

Endemismele plants are considered whose areas are covered in whole or exceed the neighboring areas.

Some species are considered endemic and widespread in other geographical areas in southern Europe (fig, magnolia, sweet chestnut, honey and mojdreanul).

Some species are local as Stipa danubialis the Iron Gates, Dianthus pallens (Garofita wild), Pinus nigra Banat Padus mahaleb (Turkish sour cherries), yellow Brandusa (Crocus moesiacus).

Forest land should be in the continental întrepătrunderea items with the hot water bottle south.

On the steep left bank of the Cerna and on the eastern valley of Slătinicului installed sibleacurile comprising cărpiniţă (Carpinus orientalis), mojdreanul (Fraxinus ornus) and expensive (Cotinus coggygria) on poor soils and highly evolved skeletal.

Sibleacul developed litosoluri and strong brown skeletal soils, excessively drained, have a rich facies elements hot water bottle Santa Hill and Hill Aliona: Quercus pubescens (downy oak), Quercus virgiliana, teiul silver (Tilia tomentosa) and bat (Syringa vulgaris) . On the Hill versantii southern Santa appears and Aliona nut (Juglanus directed) and acacia forests mixed with other foioase.

In place of forests cleared to install the hot water bottle sibleac bushes and meadows with păiuş orchards of men and obsigă.

Fauna is characterized by a great diversity of species căpriorul, wild boar, wolf, fox, polecat, and weasel. On moist soil of the forest meet brotăcelul, Guşteriţa, lizard, snake Coheber jugularis caspius, vipera with horn and turtle land.

The main species of birds from depression are Orşovei forest jay, magpie, crow, blackbird, piţigoiul, bird, pecker, goshawk, and cucuveaua owl. In winter, golf shelters Cerna coot, wild ducks, a few copies of some swans and cormorants.

Fauna underwent changes after the construction of dam at the Iron Gates. Ihtiofauna includes the following categories:

- Migratory anadromous fish - cod, CEGA.

- Reofili fish, which grow and reproduce in Cerna: Clean, mreana.

- Fish semimigratori - sleep, carp, roach, roach, gym, pike, obletele.

- Stagnofili fish - perch sun, Caras, roşioara, eel, linul.

Soils characteristic of depression are influenced by Orşova litologie, relief, climate, vegetation:

- Soil aluviale present phenomena înmlăştinire is little agricultural use (litosoluri, erodisoluri)

- Cambisolurile are represented by brown soils eubazice, mezobazice, associated with clay soils semigleice

- Argiloiluviale soils are brown podzolite used especially for pasture and pomiculture

- Argiluvisolurile include old soils developed under good natural drainage or moderate


Nature reserves

In depression Orşova no natural, but the surroundings are located: Reserve Cazane Danube Valley Reserve Mouth - Vârciorova, reserve Virului face and place fosilifer Bahna.


POPULATION

On 1 July 1993 city population was 16. 032 persons of which 7 971 men and 061 women 8. Romanians constitute the vast majority of the population - 14 872, 322 Czech, 260 German, 216 Roma, 161 Hungarians, Serbs 134. 12 Turks, Ukrainians 6, Hebrew 6 and other nationalities 43. Religion majority Orthodox population is 14 790, Roman Catholic 1 003, 98 Baptists, Pentecostals 63, Reformats 27, Greek-Catholic 23, Muslim 12 (counties and cities of Romania in figures and facts, Volume II B, Bucharest, 1995).

After the March 2002 census of population Orşova municipality is 12. 700 inhabitants.


ECONOMY

In 1993, acting in Orşova 294 companies. They have as their objective the production (12), services (21) and trade (261).

Fund of the municipality is Orşova 5. 467 hectares, of which 335 hectares and built 5. 132 hectares outside.

In the transport field Orşova is on the bus railway Bucharest - Timişoara, on National Road 65 (European Road 6). You loose road Orşova - Moldova Noua (National Road 57). Orşova is the port on the Danube. Also, there is a passenger bus, which connects with Moldova Noua, Spa Herculane Drobeta - Turnu Severin and other county and inter-county routes. In town there are 5 bus lines with a total length of 26 kilometers, a street network of 42 kilometers, the whole asphalt and an area of 25 hectares green areas. The main tourist attractions in the city are:

monastery "Saint Ann" Hill Santa erected between 1936 - 1939 as a foundation of Pamfil publicist Şeicaru holy and 2 December 1990.

Catholic Church located in downtown, building a modernist style architect Hans Fackelmann (1966 - 1972), graphically illustrated by the artist Gabriel Popa Timisoara.

Seracova viaduct at 100 meters from national highway north of the city limits, built in the years 1739 - 1740 by the Turks, is the last relic of the former channel Cerna.

Accommodation for tourists and visitors are hotel Dierna a stand (200 seats), the nautical North (90 seats), the the nautical South (60 seats), Meridian Hotel - 3 stars (25 seats), tourist guesthouse «The Star of the Dunube» - 2 daisy (24 seats)

Orşova municipality has its own network of drinking water in the length of 35 kilometers, 17 kilometers of public sewage station and a water treatment plant.

Fund housing is 1. 874 spaces in housing blocks, and 3. 500 to case.

Geographical location
Baia Mare town is located in the west county Maramureş in depression with the same name, on the middle of Săsar River, at an altitude of 228 m mean sea level FAA is comprised of the geographical coordinates 47 ° 39 '- 47 ° 48 'north latitude and 23 ° 10' - 23 ° 30 'east longitude. In Baia Mare composition includes localities Blidari, Firiza, Black Valley, Valley Borcutului, totaling an area of 23,471 ha. North adjoins the Ignis Mountains, south to the towns and Recea, Gros, east of Baia Sprie and west of the city Tautii Magheruş. Planning administrative area amounts to 23,573 ha of 3170 ha is agricultural land, 18,599 ha - forest land, mainly forests, and 1804 meters - construction and other destinations.


Relief
Basin relief, consists of several terraces of Somes, Lapusul, Săsar and has the appearance of an amphitheater with large opening to the west and north and east stands Ignis and Gutai Mountains, with his back rounded, covered with forests and rich pastures plates. Of plains that sit above the basin is suddenly remark Murgau Hill (633m), Flower Hill (367m), Cross Hill (501m), Stone Bulzului, Rotunda, Grand windfall, Enos (1307m), Iezurele etc. Gutai chain of mountains forms a geomorphologic unit apart in May, with eruptive rocks, which show peak Mogosa (1.246m), Gutai (1.443m) and Peak Cocos (1.428m). The latter is a remnant of an old volcanic crater, the rocks gola, arranged in the form of a vertical fissure strange fortress with steep walls, which is a target of great interest for tourists. The earth's crust in the area of town includes a range pedogenetic structure, because alongside podzolic prevailing soils are soils specific area alluvium and depression, and brown forest soils, acid soils mountain, etc..


Hydrographic network
Hydrographic network is represented mainly by the river Săsar, 31.6 kilometers long, which crosses the city from east to west collecting waters and rivers Chiuzbaia Firiza of rivulets St. John, Red and Borcea. Firiza on the river, 5 km away from downtown, the dam was built to the wall (52 m high) which created a lake in the accumulation area of 110 ha reserve which provides drinking water to urban centers. This goes "the Lake Bodi" in Ferneziu and Mogosa the lake, created by artificial dams. They are fond of entertainment places. You mentioned here the existence of mineral water springs Valley of Borcut to Garlic and Firiza.


Climate
Area of Baia Mare has some specific characteristics, more attention, because of the Carpathians which meets the beneficial role of shield, preventing cold weather from the north-east. At the shelter, depression has a Mediterranean climate of shade, with mild winters, with large blizzards, with cool summers, prolonged and favorable atmospheric equilibrium. The air temperature reaches an average yearly rate of 9.6 ° C. Average January amounts to -2.4 ° C, and the month of June to 19.9 ° C. Atmospheric precipitation are generally constant, totaling an average of 976 mm. Winds does not show special features. Because air masses restraint in depression, there is long periods of calm atmospheric, which influeţează negative state of pollution of the city.


Vegetation
The vegetation includes a variety of grassy and tree species, depending on the variety of terrain, soil and climate. Depression Baia Mare is part of the arsenal of leafy forests (beech, hornbeam, oak) - now largely cleared and replaced by crops and meadows side. Forest floor of leafy covers altitudes ranging between 300 and 1200 m, forming a green belt around the city. In Baia Mare basin frame predominates forests of Gorun mixed with hornbeam. The forests of beech and hornbeam occupy western slopes and southern mountains of Gutin. Specific to the depression of Baia Mare areas are occupied by large edible chestnut high and slopes with southern and western show up at altitudes of 600 m. The forests of chestnuts from Baia Mare formed the largest forested area of this species in Romania. This is perfectly edible chestnut acclimate, as vegetating species are regenerated by natural preferring mountain acidic soils with good drainage and avoid soil podzolic pseudogenic and poor drainage. The transition from forest to pasture or tillage is usually one side of the shrub species that consists of nuts, shock, horn, Calin, bloody harsh wood.


Fauna
Fauna of the geographic băimărean contains almost all known species in the Carpatic area valuable hunting: deer, doe, wolf, fox, rabbit, marten, squirrel. These species are common in alpine mountain pasture area. Birds are well represented especially in places where forest dominated by beech, better preserved despite massive deforestation by: Ierunca, dove of hollow, eagle owl large kite pigeon, owl, hawk. In the waters of mountain living: lostriţa, trout, pike and scobarul; and lowland waters meet and clean striped babetele.

Arad City is located in western Romania and is the county seat with the same name, which represents 3.2% of Romania's surface and is the sixth largest county. Great Roman historian Nicolae Iorga during a travel documentary in 1906, had only words of praise from Arad comparing it with Vienna. The city had economic development since the nineteenth century building are: garments factory (1867), the gas factory (1868), made of bricks and tiles (1869) and furniture factory (1878) and many other residential buildings viewing since that time the influences of cultures in Western Europe. Besides the Arad Municipality, County also has seven cities (CHIŞINEU-Cris, Curtici, Ineu, Lipova, Nadlac, Pancota, Sebis), 67 communities and 273 villages with a population of ~ 480,000 inhabitants. The picturesque landscape of the hilly and mountain valleys of the Mures and White Cris free Romanian and foreign tourists to visit the many tourist areas around Arad: Moneasa, Lipova, Arad Podgaria, holding Halmagiu, Cladova Valley, Savarsin, Valea Mare-Caprioara. In the city of Arad, in cities and Lipova Ineu in resorts spas Moneasa Lipova and in other tourist areas there are hotels, inns, motels, camps and holiday villas to increase interest in this area. Arad County has many outstanding scientific reserves with rare flora and variety: Moneasa Natural Reserve, Reserve "Lauri back" from Zimbru, Botanical Garden of the Castle Macea, Parks dendrological from Gurahont, Bulci, Capalnas, Neudorf, Savarsin, and Odvos Manastur and forest reserves-to-Thick Runcu, Raul Mare - Halmagel, gravel Sea - Securigiu and a multitude of places to hunting and fishing. Old churches and monasteries are real artistic and spiritual treasures. The best known are the monasteries of Hodos-Bodrogului, St. Mary - Radna Franciscan Monastery, the Roman Catholic Church, the German Sanpetru. Valley Crisului White river Mures and there are wooden Orthodox churches built in centuries XVII - XIX. Of great architectural value are the many castles and old buildings as Arad fortress built between 1763-1785, castle-fortress of Ineu built between 1645-1652, from castles Savarsin, Bulci, Capalnas, Petrisor, Conop, Odvos, Mace, Fantanele, Syria. Arad County preserve an old and authentic folk art in the country Zarandului, Ineu Sicula-and Birchis-Capalnas. Embroidery in red and black fur clothes made from sheep by furrier's shops, jackets made Birchis and Bata are most representative for this area. Fabrics and traditional folk ask can be found in the majority of peasant households Zarandului Country, Mures Valley and Plain White Crisului. It noted the preservation of traditional houses in villages mainly located in mountain areas.